Adminstrative Ethics and Patient Privacy Research Paper

Adminstrative Ethics and Patient Privacy - Research Paper Example These include trust and confidentiality among others. However, in the issue discussion, the paper aims at understanding recent ethical problems from different perspectives. In conclusion, it supports the concept of penalizing violators of patient privacy. In addition, different forms of thinking used in this paper are also discussed. In summary, similar to any other right, patient privacy is extremely fundamental thus deserves respect. Introduction In administrative ethics, beliefs are described as an acceptance that the administration and the staff people perceive at the hospital as truth or reality to private privacy. It may also include a conviction or opinion that is steadfastly held by the staff involved. Values, on the other hand, are the significant beliefs or attitudes, which people acknowledge by choice, pride or articulate in action with a sense of responsibility and ownership towards patient privacy. Similarly, perception involves the selection, organization and interpreta tion of sensory data in a form that enables us to understand the world patients and their privacy. Perception can also be the way people interpret outside events and experiences into sensible internal comprehension. Alternatively, administrative ethics involves the principles of right and wrong that determine the roles and functions of administration officers. On that note, it should involve responsibility to the society, virtues, principles, and benefits that assist the patient in safeguarding his privacy (Bruce, 2001). Ethics can also be the internal regulations that push a person to obey or not obey certain external facts. Therefore, what is the link between beliefs, values, perception and ethics in administrative matters and patient privacy? In this aspect, the general beliefs people have toward administrative ethics and the privacy of patients is what generates to various values. However, ethics is the perception of people toward these values in a setting such as a hospital and they relate to the privacy of patients. Ethical action according to me is the method of realizing a problem, producing substitutes and selecting among them in order for the substitute chosen to capitalize on the most significant ethical values. Additionally, the substitute selected is also meant to achieve the intended goal (Kaner, 2011). Therefore, in my view, the most important beliefs and customs in consideration of behavior pertaining to patient privacy are several. For instance, medical practitioners involved in the administrative ethics of patient privacy should have an open mind, which makes them unbiased towards their patients. In addition, their personal convictions should have ethical basis, which do not end up affecting the trust of the patients. Issue Statement Various contemporary administrative ethics are applicable in different organizational settings. For instance, there are positive issues such as honesty, fairness and integrity that have an effect on patient priva cy. On the other hand, there are negative issues in the form of lying, abusive or intimidating behavior, bribery, corporate intelligence and discrimination. However, in this case, we are going to discuss the administrative ethical issue of discrimination in relation to breach of a patient’s privacy. Discrimination as a form of negative ethical issue is the prejudice against a person on the grounds of color, disability, religion, marital status, sexual orientation, public assistance status and age among others (Abele, 2004). These forms of prejudice go at betraying the trust and confidentiality of the patient leading to gross violation of rights and freedoms. So, why do

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay A Chronicle of Higher Education article states that only 34 percent of high-achieving high-school seniors in the bottom quarter of family income went to one of the 238 most selective colleges, compared with 78 percent of students from the top quarter (Markell). Certainly, these numbers show that students that come from low income families aren’t getting the opportunities that they deserve. With college costs going nowhere but up, students from low-income families face tough decisions. Some students choose to attend community college while some make the decision to take out additional loans. There are also those who choose to drop out because they can no longer sustain the cost of college. Those who don’t have the money to go to a selective college are often not reaching their full potential. Therefore, college cost should be lowered so that more people can have the opportunity to get higher education. Such a push is needed; firstly, due to the continuous rise in tuition, higher education is becoming less and less affordable for low-income students. According to the Journal of College Admission, from 1982 to 2007, college tuition and fees increased by 439 percent, while median family income increased by 147 percent. Last year, the net cost at four-year public universities amounted to 28 percent of median family income, while a four-year private college or university consumed 76 percent of median family income (Mahoney). These numbers show that college cost has risen at a rate that has consistently outpaced the median family income and also inflation. Patrick Callan, president of the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, states, â€Å"If we go on this way for another 25 years, we won’t have an affordable system of higher education†(Callan). Essentially, if college cost doesn’t stop increasing it will become unaffordable and many will choose not to get higher education. Furthermore, there are many students who aren’t getting the opportunity that they deserve because they are not able to afford it. At the most competitive colleges, only 14 percent of students come from the lower 50 percent of families by income (Perez-Pena). Some low-income students who study very hard cant reach the diploma or certificate. A New York Times article states, â€Å"While 2. 8 million students enroll in some form of higher education each year, most do not proceed straight through to graduation. Only one in five of those who enroll in two-year institutions earn an associate degree within three years, and only two in five of those who start four-year colleges complete their degrees within six years†(Lewin). College being outrageously expensive is one of the reasons students are not reaching their full potential. Access to higher education has become increasingly difficult for low income families, yet a college degree is more important than ever in today’s economy. Indeed, there’s no denying that college tuition and expenses aren’t cheap. In the 2011-12 academic year, the average net cost for a full-time student at an in-state public university was about $15,000 for tuition, fees, room, board, books and incidental expenses, according to the College Board (Clark). Four years of college costs about 60,000 dollars. Aside from tuition, college students also have to worry about the other expenses that come with being a college student. Those who don’t have enough to afford it are faced with tough decisions. According to a New York Times article, about 7 in 10 of the dropouts said they had no scholarship or loan aid. Among those who got degrees, only about four in 10 went without such aid (Perez-Pena). College students who come from low-income families are being forced to take out additional loans to afford college. Some students choose to attend community college while some make the decision to take out additional loans. There are also those who choose to drop out because they can no longer sustain the cost of college. Often times, students cannot afford the cost of living while completing a college education. Certainly, there are many reasons why students drop out of college, but the decision oftentimes has a lot to do with money. According to Public Agenda, a nonpartisan public policy research firm that conducted a telephone survey of more than 600 people ages 22 to 30 for the report, â€Å"Of students surveyed, 58 percent said they did not receive any financial help from their parents or relatives to pay tuition or fees, and 69 percent had no scholarships or financial aid† (Johnson). More than half of students are not being supported by their families or anyone else for that matter. Also, more than one-half of students are not receiving any type of scholarship or financial aid. The dropouts’ most popular solutions were allowing part-time students to qualify for financial aid, offering more courses on weekends and evenings, cutting costs and providing child care (Johnson). Most times, it’s just not attainable for a college student to afford college costs. Moreover, students who don’t have financial help from family or are not fortunate enough to get scholarships or grants are often forced work to pay for school. The New York Times states, â€Å"The top reason the dropouts gave for leaving college was that it was just too hard to support themselves and go to school at the same time. Balancing work and school was a bigger barrier than finding money for tuition, they said. In fact, more than a third of the dropouts said that even if they got a grant that covered their books and tuition, it would be hard to go back to school, given their work and family commitments† (Lewin). Essentially, low-income students are having to work while attending college. Many students find it difficult to find time to study, because they are too busy working part-time jobs in able to pay for their education and other necessities. Those students who are not able to balance school, work, and also other things often end up dropping out. A downturn in college tuition would definitely help those students who are in need of help financially. Ultimately, a decrease in college cost would greatly benefit the larger society. There will be more students who will be able to afford higher education. With this in mind, higher education will lead to better access to jobs with higher pay and the broadening of a college student’s social and mental horizons. College students will also no longer have to worry about being buried in debt after college. As Obama, the 44th president of the United States of America, states, â€Å"As a nation, our future ultimately depends on equipping students like you with the skills and education a 21st-century economy demands. If you have the opportunity to reach your potential and go as far as your talent and hard work will take you, that doesn’t just mean a higher-paying job or a shot at a middle-class life — it means a stronger economy for us all. Because if your generation prospers, we all prosper. And I’m counting on you to help us write the next great chapter in our American story† (Obama). In other words, Obama believes that higher education can lead people to success and that it is vital to the nation’s future. Lower college cost will lead to students reaching their potential. While it is true that a decrease in college tuition would just lead to students who are not meant for college wasting their time, there are many students who are actually academic material that cannot afford to get higher education. A study by the Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institution in Washington points out that half of Americans in the top fourth of the income distribution have a college degree. Among the poorest fourth of Americans, fewer than one in ten graduated from college (Porter). Higher education is turning into a privilege for the higher society. The rising cost of college is preventing low-income students from getting higher education. A decrease in college cost will give low-income students more options and it will benefit the larger society in the future. Ultimately, what is at stake here is that students who have the potential to succeed in college are not able to attend because they lack money. College has turned into a privilege for the higher society when it should be one’s right. Colleges need to be more accountable for making sure that their students graduate. Decreasing college cost will also decrease the number of students being in debt after finishing college. Higher education cost rising is causing low-income students to be locked out of higher education. Therefore, college cost should be lowered so that more students will have the opportunity to get higher education, especially those who lack money. Works Cited Clark, Kim. â€Å"How much does college actually cost? † cnn. com. CNN. Web. 24 November 2013. Johnson, Jenna. â€Å"Majority of college dropouts cite financial struggles as main cause. † The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 December 2009. Web. 24 November 2013. Lewin, Tamar. â€Å"College Dropouts Cite Low Money and High Stress. † New York Times. New York Times, 9 December 2009. Web. 24 November 2013. Mahoney, John L. Thoughts In Troubled Times. Journal Of College Admission 209 (2010): 4-6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 November 2013. Markell, Jack. How To Give Low-Income Students The Chance They Deserve. Chronicle Of Higher Education 60. 6 (2013): A27. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 November 2013. Obama, Barack H. â€Å"President Obama on Early Childhood Education. † Remarks by the President on Early Childhood Education. Decatur Community Recreation Center, Decatur, Georgia. 14 February 2013. Perez-Pena, Richard. â€Å"Efforts to Recruit Poor Students Lag at Some Elite Colleges. † New York Times. New York Times, 30 July 2013. Web. 24 November 2013. Porter, Eduardo. â€Å"Dropping Out of College, and Paying the Price. † New York Times. New York Times, 25 June 2013. Web. 24 November 2013.

The Mass Media and the Futile Search for Extraterrestrial Life Essay

Sure we've all seen movies and read books about extraterrestrial beings landing on the Earth and conquering the human race. And millions of us have viewed TV shows like "The X-files" and "Third Rock From the Sun." These forms of popular culture share a common thread -- extraterrestrial life. Yet the underlying question is, does the mass media take extraterrestrialism seriously? Or do they mock it? Or do they simply exaggerate its credibility? In the majority of these cases, the mass media not only takes on the third mode of exaggeration, it shifts focus from more important and serious issues such as extraterrestrial life at the cellular level. The media loves to play with the minds of viewers, making them believe in something which realistically is probably untrue. The early history of extraterrestrial life traces back to the 1940s and 1950s. Stories of alien abduction sprang up everywhere becoming a general trend. At the time, alien abduction was defined as the forced removal of a person from his /her physical location to another place. It may include an altered state of awareness for the purpose of physical, surgical or psychological procedures performed by non-humans. After the abduction, the person is returned to his or her physical location and frequently has little or no recollection of the experience. Where did this all begin? It began in 1898 when H.G. Welles published his book The War of The Worlds. The time period was one of huge tension and military armament. This was a marker that World War I was going to break out. Welles novel addressed that very dread. The aliens were from the future and were perceived as an evil threat to mankind. But books like these and TV shows like "The X-Files" are always a projection... ...Visitors?" Frank McConnell,Commonweal Volume 123 #20 Nov.22, 1996 Bibliography Books: Sagan, Carl. Cosmos; Contact. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. Kieffer, H.H. Mars University of Arizona Press 1992 Articles: Sagan, Carl. "The Search for Extraterrestrial Life." Scientific American. October 1994 "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Scientific Quest of Hopeful Folly?" "Titan: A Laboratory for Prebiological Organic Chemistry." Accounts of Chemical Research. July 1992 "A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft." Nature. October 21, 1993. McKay, David. "Evaluating the Evidence for Past Life on Mars." Web Sites: SETI Institute Web Site: http://www.seti-inst.edu/ http:// www.abduct.com/experien.htm http://ntdwwaab.compuserve.com/homepages/Andy page/abduction.htm http.//www.gtm.net/"geibdan"/

Book Review on Sanchar Mimamsa

Book: Sanchar Mimamsa Author: Nirmala Mani Adhikary Publication: Media Educators Association of Nepal Pages: 33 Date of publication: 2068(2011 AD) â€Å"Sanchar Mimamsa† composed by Nirmala Mani Adhikary puts forth communication Studies and process from the perspectives of vaidika Hindu amid western theories and models of communication. The book brings to light,’Sadharanikaran theory and model as per propounded by Adhikary himself. It is quite unique and interesting, reading theories in verses. The theory and model have been described in Jhyaure laya.We all know, communication was an indispensible practice since we came into an existence. Though unfortunately and fortunately, it was twentieth century, a communication study was accounted as a discipline. Communication studies though, are rooted back to ages back, according to the Vedic Hindu perspective. Sadharanikaran is rooted back to 4th BC. The theory was illumined once again after J. S Yadava and I. P Tiwari brought Sadharanikaran into limelight around 1980s. Adhikary, who continued his research on the theory, came up with a model in 2003. Sanchar Mimamsa’ is all about Sadharanikaran and its elements and goal of attaining sahridayata, ultimate goal on Sadharanikaran process. Sadharanikaran as a process is an asymmetrical process, where senders and receivers become sahridayas, directed to attain sahridayata, thus establishing mutual understanding between them. Sahridayata as a concept is a state of â€Å"common orientation, commonality or oneness† where senders and receivers’ ultimate goal is to make Sadharanikaran process successful or to become one in communication process.Sanchar Mimamsa is classified into 3 parts while verses are divided into 5 parts. First one puts forth the possibility of getting problem solved. Through communications, not merely human, also animals and other creatures involve in communication in pursuance of life and peace. Second part affirms the si gnificance of theories and model in communication studies. Unfortunately, the world’s walking on merely western theories and models instead of executing one’s self culturally relative studies. Nevertheless, after the initiation of duo scholar, Tiwari and Yadava,Sadharanikaran came into limelight. It has its root in Natyashastra by Bhartrihari and is identified with Bhattanayaka. Elements of Sadharanikaran process are sahridayas(senders and receivers), Bhava(moods), Abhivyanjana( expression or encoding),sandesha(message or information), Sarani(channel), rasaswadan (deals with achieving the rasa), doshas(noises), sandarva(context) and finally pratikriya( process of feedback). Sahridayata is ultimate goal of the whole process of Sadharanikaran, in which sender and receiver become one, and where feedback is no more necessary.The communication models in the west usually weigh on sender while, Sadharanikaran process puts an end to differences between senders and receivers, u ltimately they become one. Sadharanikaran process is different to other or west’s models in terms of structure. It is a non linear model where mutual understanding is possible. It is a broad notion that is able to deal with all three dimensions of life: adhibhautika(physical), adhidaibhika(Mental) and adhyatmika(spiritual). Moreover The model also apprehends communication competent enough to achieve all of the purushartha chatustayas i. artha, kama, dharma and moksha. Final and fifth part sets forth, the solution to the conflict ongoing in the world via attaining sahridayata. Thus Adhikary argues sadharanikaran process can be a solution to put an end to disastrous conflict ongoing among the countries. It also has envisioned ’sanchar vidha’, communication sector, as a mean for attaining ‘Moksha’, the final goal of life according to Hindu perspective. Verses are followed by second and third part of the book in which Sadharanikaran theory and model are described and summarized.The book is distinct as it narrates whole theory and model in verses but the success of the book lies on rasaswadana of the sandesha encompassed in the book. Not only the Sadharanikaran theory but whole communication field is described from Hindu point of view, a significant step in communication studies in the world, other than westernized studies. On the other hand, the uniqueness of the book i. e. verses have also limited itself to a certain audience, those who are keenly interested in traditional verses.But the second and third part exempts audiences from this limitation and even language barrier has been considered. Descriptions are available in both Nepali and English. Though Sadharanikaran theory and model is new in studies the process isn’t new to us. If we can embody the process in our daily activities, ultimately we become able to manage conflicts and attaining moksha is also possible. This is how the book ‘Sanchar Mimamsa’ has represented the beauty of Sadharanikaran theory and model in simpler and few words.

Effect of Change in an Organisation

www. MA-Dissertations. com Dissertation Writing Service Even though the positivist and phenomenological approaches seem to completely contradict one another, Bryman and Bell (2004) maintain that a researcher should not select one or the other but, instead, should weave the two together.In other words, for those aspects of the research problem which can be better served if explored through a scientific approach, the positivist methodology should be employed whereas those which require the researcher’s more active engagement or an analysis of the social environment, the phenomenological approach should be used. The implication here is that the two approaches can coexist within a single study and can be used to explore different aspects of the research problem (Bryman and Bell, 2004).Rather than select the one approach over the other, the selected research approach shall combine between the two. As such, the researcher shall engage in the objective analysis of tardiness behaviour through the analysis of attendance records while, at the same time, monitoring 20 students for a period of 12 weeks for the purpose of closer and more critical observation of the dimensions of the defined problem and the behavioural and situational variables which induce it. The effects of the corrective strategies which shall be deployed vis-avis these 12 students shall also be observed.To this extent, the research unfolds within a phenomenological framework. The research, however, is not restricted to the phenomenological approach as a thorough investigation of the problem also necessitates the adoption of positivist approach. Therefore, for a better understanding of the social and environmental factors influencing tardiness, the researcher will survey faculty members and homeroom teachers and interview the two school administrators responsible for the control of the problem.The researcher shall, in other words, explore the socio-environmental factors influencing tardiness. 16 ww w. MA-Dissertations. com Dissertation Writing Service 3. 2. 2 Quantitative versus Qualitative The data gathered shall be analysed from both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. As Punch (2000) emphasises, within the context of social science research, both approaches must be used in order to arrive at both an objective, measurable understanding of the phenomenon and a humanistic comprehension of its socio-environmental dimensions.While attendance records and the effects of the corrective strategies on the twenty students under observation shall be qualitatively analysed, the variables which influence tardiness rates, both increase and decrease, shall be qualitatively analysed as a strategy for uncovering the socioenvironmental factors influencing tardiness rates. In other words, both qualitative and quantitative data analysis approaches shall be used for the purposes of arriving at a more holistic understanding of the phenomenon. 3. 2. 3 Deductive versus Inductive Marcoulide s (1998) defines the deductive approach as a testing of theories.The researcher proceeds with a set of theories and conceptual precepts in mind and formulates the study’s hypotheses on their basis. Following from that, the research proceeds to test the proposed hypotheses. The inductive approach, on the other hand, follows from the collected empirical data and proceeds to formulae concepts and theories in accordance with that data (Marcoulides, 1998). While not disputing the value of the inductive approach, the research opted for the deductive approach, or the `top-down,’ as opposed to the `bottom-up’ method. 3. 3 Data Sources and Data Collection MethodsFor the purposes of this research and given that both primary and secondary data are needed, three data collection methods will be used. Apart from the desk-based data collection method traditionally associated with secondary data collection, primary data will be collected 17 www. MA-Dissertations. com Dissertati on Writing Service through the archival records (attendance sheets), interviews with two school administrators, a survey of faculty opinion, and the researcher’s own observations.. 3. 4 Credibility of Research Findings Ultimately, the data collected is used to inform the research findings.If the data is not verifiable, the implication is that the findings are potentially suspect. incumbent upon the researcher to validate his/her findings (Sekaran, 2003). Accordingly, it is 3. 4. 1 Reliability A study is reliable only if another researcher, using the same procedure and studying the same phenomenon, arrives at similar, or comparable, findings (Sekaran, 2003). Accordingly, it is important that the researcher maintain a comprehensive protocol of his study, in case others may be interested in checking its reliability (Sekaran, 2003).Even with the best of intentions in mind, the researcher is often confronted with a variety of variables which may impinge upon the reliability of his findings. Quite simply stated, if he is partly drawing conclusions on the basis of questionnaire and interview data, it could very well be that respondents were biased or, simply not in the mood to answer the questions with any degree of interest. It is not at all uncommon for respondents to simply tick of response options without reading or considering them (Sekaran, 2003).Accordingly, research scholars advise researchers to carefully select their respondents, ensure that they are, indeed, willing participants in the study and will answer the questions with the minimum degree of bias (Hair et al. , 2005). To ensure that this, indeed, is the case, when in-putting the questionnaire data, the researcher should carefully read through them to ensure that there are no logical flaws and that the responses given by any one respondent are not contradictory (Hair et al. , 2005).In addition, and to better ensure reliability, the researcher should schedule interviews at the respondent’ s convenience and, 18 www. MA-Dissertations. com Dissertation Writing Service further, when distributing questionnaires, should give participants several days to answer. By pursuing this advice, the researcher would, at least, be minimising the chances that the interview be rushed and the questionnaires blindly answered (Hair et al. , 2005). To enhance the reliability of the current research, the cited advice shall be considered and meticulously applied. 3. 4. 2 ValiditySaunders et al. (2000) contends that a research is valid only if it actually studies what it set out to study and only if the findings are verifiable. There are three methods for establishing validity. As Saunders et al. (2000) explains, construct validity entails the establishment of accurate operational measurements for the research’s core concept. This is done by establishing a chain of evidence throughout the data collection process; by verifying key information through the use of multiple sources of infor mation; and by presented informants with a draft of the study for review.Besides establishing construct validity, social science researches need also establish external validity by testing the applicability of the findings to external case studies (Yin, 1989). While conceding to the importance of external validation methods, they are beyond the scope of the current research. Consequently, the research shall seek the verification of its findings through construct validation. 3. 5 Conclusion As may have been deduced from the above, the research shall adopt a mixed methodological approach. The selection of the aforementioned and above explained ethodology was imposed upon the research by the nature of the phenomenon under investigation, the multi-layered nature of the research problem and the imperatives of satisfying the study’s diverse, but interrelated, objectives. 19 www. MA-Dissertations. com Dissertation Writing Service 4. 0 References Battisch, V. and Hom, A. (1997) The r elationship between students’ sense of their school as a community and their involvement in problem behaviors. American Journal of Public Health, 87(12), 1997-2001. Booth, A. and Dunn, J. F. (1996) Family-School Links: How Do They Affect Educational Outcomes?NY: Erlbaum. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2004) Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chaker, A. M. (2005) Schools get tough on tardy students. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 10 Jan. 2007, from http://www. post-gazette. com/pg/05321/607996. stm Conaway, H. W. (2006) Collaboration for Kids; Early Intervention Tools for Schools and Communities. Highland: Aha Process Inc. Cooper, D. R. (2003) Business Research Methods. London: McGraw-Hill. Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, P. S. (2005) Business Research Methods. London: McGraw-Hill. Creswell, J. W. 2003) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches. California: Sage Publications. Crosnoe, R. (2000) Friendships in childhood and ad olescence: The life course and new directions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 377-371. ___ (2001) Academic orientation and parental involvement in education during high school. Sociology of Education, 74, 210-230. Dane, F. C. (1990) Research Methods. Cambridge: Thomas brooks. Fassett, D. L. and Warren, J. T. (2004) You get pushed back: The strategic rhetoric of educational success and failure in higher education. Communication Education, 53(1), 21-39. 20

Free Essays on Nonverbal Communication

by means of facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, postures, physical appearance, and tones of voice. The concept of nonverbal communication is complex. It is almost impossible to know exactly what it includes, but the majority of our talking is done without speaking. No one can speak more than one word at a time, but nonverbal messages can be sent in multiple ways at the same time. The meaning of nonverbal messages differs between cultures (Morreale, Spitzberg, and Barge, Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, & Skills, 119), races, and sometimes gender (Burgoon and Saine, The Unspoken Dialogue: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication, 130). Nonverbal and verbal communications sometimes contradict each other because people are sometimes unaware of the nonverbal messages that they send (Morreale, Spitzberg, and Barge, Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, & Skills, 119). The movement of the body makes up a language, in which certain movements have specific meanings. Kinesics focuses on how people communicate through movement and posture, gestures, and the face and eyes (Morreale, Spitzberg, and Barge, Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, & Skills, 124). Kinesics refers to all types of body movement, except for touch, that may act as nonverbal communication. Body movement and posture are known as body language. Gestures are large and small movements of the hands and arms that send messages. Gestures complement our speech, bridge our silences, send unspoken messages, or express our approval or disapproval (Lamb and Watson, Body Code: The Meaning in Movement, 1). Negative gestures like fidgeting lets others know that a speaker is... Free Essays on Nonverbal Communication Free Essays on Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication and language are different. There has been some research claiming that humans used nonverbal communication before they developed a language. Nonverbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages without using words by means of facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, postures, physical appearance, and tones of voice. The concept of nonverbal communication is complex. It is almost impossible to know exactly what it includes, but the majority of our talking is done without speaking. No one can speak more than one word at a time, but nonverbal messages can be sent in multiple ways at the same time. The meaning of nonverbal messages differs between cultures (Morreale, Spitzberg, and Barge, Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, & Skills, 119), races, and sometimes gender (Burgoon and Saine, The Unspoken Dialogue: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication, 130). Nonverbal and verbal communications sometimes contradict each other because people are sometimes unaware of the nonverbal messages that they send (Morreale, Spitzberg, and Barge, Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, & Skills, 119). The movement of the body makes up a language, in which certain movements have specific meanings. Kinesics focuses on how people communicate through movement and posture, gestures, and the face and eyes (Morreale, Spitzberg, and Barge, Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, & Skills, 124). Kinesics refers to all types of body movement, except for touch, that may act as nonverbal communication. Body movement and posture are known as body language. Gestures are large and small movements of the hands and arms that send messages. Gestures complement our speech, bridge our silences, send unspoken messages, or express our approval or disapproval (Lamb and Watson, Body Code: The Meaning in Movement, 1). Negative gestures like fidgeting lets others know that a speaker is... Free Essays on Nonverbal Communication The location I chose to perform my violation of a cultural norm was in an elevator. I used the elevator that is located in my dormitory’s building. After trying to decide which cultural norm to experiment with, I came to the conclusion to invade someone else’s space. The plan I created was to move closer to someone, in the elevator, than the normal space required, while communicating with this person. It was real difficult to engage in this kind this behavior. I have never performed an action similar to this one. People assume that other people will respect and follow the normal rules to communication. It took all my power to make myself break one of those rules. I have to say, however, I was real anxious to see how the person was going to react. Having never performed this action before, I had no idea what to expect or how the person was going to act. The reaction of the person I performed my experiment on was one that I could have anticipated. When I first began to move closer to the person they performed no reaction. They showed no look that they acknowledge my changed behavior. After noticing this I decided to move even closer to the person. This time the person saw that I invade their space and took a small step back. Even though I didn’t know what to expect form this experiment, I had an idea that the initial reaction by the person would be to move back. I wasn’t satisfied with the person just moving back. I wanted the person to show a more defined reaction that would show they didn’t appreciate what I was doing. After the person stepped back, I took a step towards them once again. The person repeated the same movement they did before. I decided to take one more step forward and the person reacted verbally. The person, who had no idea who I was, asked me â€Å"what the heck I was doing.† At this point I could tell this person wasn’t pleased with me, and I decided to explain my experiment to them. The personï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Nonverbal Communication The usage of the eyes in nonverbal communication is a perpetual, trusted form of communication. As we communicate, we normally look into each others eyes trying to decode messages and enhance our ability to interact with the sender. This is one of the essential functions of the eyes, as a monitor of interaction. Environmental cues are a stimulus related function, which are sometimes out of our control of receiving and responding to. Eye contact however, enables us to have mutual communication in order to pickup other cues. By better executing proper communication cues you can see the â€Å"eye of the beholder†. Within interpersonal communication, being able to see beyond what the eyes are saying makes being able to accurately communicate possible. The eye is constantly communicating with the environment. Either by instinctively having a stimulus response or by intentionally directing vision, the eye serves as a mediator to the brain. The messages the eyes send to the brain bring about thought processes. For instance, when you see the stove is on and you avoid putting your hand on it or seeing a flash a lightning causing you to jump. As possibility the most necessary and frequent usage of the eye, it is not interpersonal. However, when foreseen by someone other than yourself that you are engaging in communication, whether intentional or not, it is. While the eyes may not be seen as a vital part of interpersonal communication, they are part of the face and a complimentary aspect of verbal communication. They can supportively coincide with or be contradictory to the overall communication taking place. Eye cues may even take the place of verbal communication as when staring harshly into someone’s eyes, or rolling th em in a disregarding manner. Understanding the messages you can send and understanding those that are received are essential to communication. The eyes are the most noticeable aspect of a person’s face. Whether...

Black Feminism Research Paper Example

Black Feminism Research Paper Example Black Feminism Paper Black Feminism Paper The theme of this essay will look at black feminist perspectives on gender, firstly from this perspective a black womens experience provides stimulation of the feminist awareness. Black feminism writings highlights the importance of aspects of the past, which inform the current issues facing black women. The writings of American black feminists emphasise the influence of the powerful legacy of slavery, segregation and the civil rights movement on gender inequalities in the black community. They point out that early black groups of women at the early part of the century supported the campaign for womens rights, but realised that the question of race needed recognition. Black women have always suffered from discriminated based on their skin colour and gender. In recent years, black women have not been central to the womens liberation movement, taking control of their identities much less, than of concepts of their race. The oppression of black women is visible in different locations compared to that of white women. Black feminism argues, therefore, that any theory of gender equality, which does not consider racism, should not claim to explain black womens oppression adequately. Class dimensions are another factor, which needed acknowledgement, particularly, in the case of the black women, also black women in the labour market, which will be touched upon further in the essay. Some black feminists have understood the strength of black feminist theory to be the focus on the relationship between race, class, and gender concerns, (Anthony Giddens 2001:118). A major division in western Black feminism thought, particularly for the British context, is that between the language and politics of the United States and Britain; for the principle of United States politics, Black is a term referring to the African-American population. In Britain, Black is a political category often describing Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans, with often a wider inclusion of non-white people. The changing meanings of Black as a racial, cultural, national, or political term, has implications for the development and meanings of Black feminisms. The relationship between the terms Black and feminism allows for sustained critique, both of the feminist movement and identities, and of Black politics, (Kadiatu Kanneh 1998: 86,87). Beverly Guy Shefell a feminist writer argues that black womens experiences in both racial and gender oppression resulted in needs and problems separate from white women and black men and that black women must struggle for equality as both women and African Americans, (www. hsph. harvard. edu/organisation/healthnet/woc/feminism/collins2html). The black womens critique of history has not only involved them coming to terms with absences, black women have also been annoyed by the ways in which it has made black women visible. History has constructed their sexuality and femininity as deviating from those qualities with which white women, as prize objects of the western world, were bestowed. Black feminist have forever demanded that the persistence of racism receive acknowledgement as an arrangement feature of their relationships with white women.

The Different Periods of Ancient Greek Art

The Different Periods of Ancient Greek Art As it happened centuries later with a handful of Renaissance painters, ancient Greek art tends to be thought of in vague terms- vases, statues and architecture produced a long (unspecified) time ago. Indeed, a long time has passed between us and ancient Greece, and thinking like this is a good starting point, really. The vases, sculpture and architecture were huge innovations, and artists forever afterward owed an enormous debt to the ancient Greeks. Because so many centuries and different phases encompass ancient Greek art what well try to do rather briefly is to break it down into some manageable chunks, thus giving each period its due. Its important to know that ancient Greek art was mainly comprised of vases, sculpture and architecture, lasted around 1,600 years, and covered a number of of different periods. The Different Phases of Ancient Greek Art There were many phases from the 16th century BC until the Greeks suffered defeat at the hands of the Romans at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The phases are roughly as follows: Mycenaean Art occurred from roughly 1550-1200 BC on the Greek mainland. Although the Mycenaean and Greek cultures were two separate entities, they occupied the same lands successively. The latter learned a few thing from the former, including how to build gates and tombs. Besides architectural explorations including Cyclopean masonry and beehive tombs, the Mycenaeans were awesome goldsmiths and potters. They raised pottery from merely functional to beautifully decorative, and segued right out of the Bronze Age into their own insatiable appetite for gold. One suspects that that the Mycenaeans were so wealthy they werent satisfied with a humble alloy.Around 1200 and the Homeric fall of Troy, the Mycenaean culture dwindled and died, followed by an artistic phase known both as Sub-Mycenaean and/or the Dark Ages. This phase, lasting from c. 1100-1025 BC, saw a bit of continuity with the previous artistic doings, but no innovation.From c. 1025-900 BC, the Proto-Geometric phase saw pottery beginning to be decorated with simple shapes, black bands, and wavy lines. Additionally, technique in the shaping of pots was being refined as well. Geometric Art has been assigned the years of 900-700 BC. Its name is utterly descriptive of the art created during this phase. Pottery decoration moved beyond simple shapes to also include animals and humans. Everything, however, was rendered with the use of simple geometric shapes.Archaic Art, from c. 700-480 BC, began with an Orientalizing Phase (735-650 BC). In this, elements from other civilizations began to creep into Greek art. The elements were those of the Near East (not exactly what we think of as the Orient now, but remember the world was a lot smaller in those days).The Archaic phase is best known for the beginnings of realistic depictions of humans and monumental stone sculptures. It was during the Archaic period that the limestone kouros (male) and kore (female) statues were created, always depicting young, nude, smiling persons. Note: The Archaic and subsequent Classical and Hellenistic periods each contained separate Early, High, and Late phases just like the Italian R enaissance would further on down the road. Classical Art (480-323 BC) was created during a golden age, from the time Athens rose to prominence to Greek expansion and right up until the death of Alexander the Great. It was during this period that human statues became so heroically proportioned. Of course, they were reflective of Greek Humanistic belief in the nobility of man and, perhaps, a desire to look a bit like gods. They were also the result of the invention of metal chisels finally capable of working marble.Hellenistic Art (323-31 BC)- quite like Mannerism- went a wee bit over the top. By the time Alexander had died and things got chaotic in Greece as his empire broke apart, Greek sculptors had mastered carving marble. They were so technically perfect that they began to sculpt impossibly heroic humans. People simply do not look as flawlessly symmetrical or beautiful in real life as those sculptures portray, which may explain why the sculptures remain so popular after all these years.

International Politics- political science 7 Essay

International Politics- political science 7 - Essay Example As more states continue to subscribe to democratic tendencies, I think a general decline in the incidence of war should be expected. There will be more peaceful relations and fewer problems that instigate conditions that culminate into war. If more states could adopt democratic principles, there will certainly be more peace and fewer issues at a global level. Personally, I find Mr. Bushs argument to be not only convincing, but also slightly inexperienced. I completely concur that having more democracies in the world lowers the probability of war, as has been proven throughout history. Nearly every major war so far has been instigated by parties that are administered using conflicting governments and ideas. Of all these countries, hardly any of them have ever been between two democracies. Nonetheless, I do not think that at any point in the near future will there be a shift within the developed countries governments towards democracy. For example, North Korea adopted a governance structure that completely opposes the West in as far as democracy is concerned. If North Korea would somehow adopt a democratic approach, it would serve to alter the power positions that both countries hold. However, these and other factors stand in the gap of adopting democracy at a global level (Leffler, Melvyn, and Jeffrey

Corhn's Disease Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corhn's Disease - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors aimed to deteremine the effect of using corticosteroids as a therapeutic intervention for Crohn’s disease, particularly Azathioprine and Infliximab, studied individually and subsequently, in combination. Through expounding on the study design and the patients who were selected to be part of the study, the authors presented the study treatments and an evaluation of deemed efficacy, as well as safety of the interventions noted. The findings noted the highest effective rate of efficacy in treatment for combining the two corticosteroids, to wit: â€Å"infliximab monotherapy and combination therapy with infliximab plus azathioprine, as compared with azathioprine alone, resulted in significantly higher rates of corticosteroid-free clinical remission among patients with moderate-to-severe Crohns disease† (Colombel & et al., 2010, p. 1393). The Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America (2012) provided an online comprehensive discourse regarding Crohn’s disease through a discussion of various sub-topics ranging from: understanding the diagnosis, an overview of the illness, it being identified as a chronic illness, population or people at risk, its causes, signs as well as symptoms, types, patterns, and treatment with recommended medications. Other relevant considerations were likewise expounded such as options for surgery, the required diet and nutritional intake, alternative and complementary interventions, coping techniques as one lives with the illness, and additional information and support systems which could assist people interested to find out more on Crohn’s disease. This site is very informative and useful for researchers and those found to have family members afflicted with the illness. The authors presented a comprehensive study regarding management of Crohn’s disease through initially providing

E-Recruitment in the banking Industry a comparative study in to the UK Dissertation

E-Recruitment in the banking Industry a comparative study in to the UK bank Lloyds TSB and Indian bank ICICI - Dissertation Example A primary research study which is composed of a combination of quantitative research survey and research interview was conducted to determine the factors that could significantly influence the e-recruitment practices in both banks. Based on the research findings, the three (3) significant factors that can affect the ability of the banks to maximize the full benefit of its e-recruitment practices includes: the unique recruitment practices in each bank, access to Internet, and the ability of the people to use the computers. To make Lloyds TSB and ICICI be able to maximize its full investment on e-recruitment platform, this study highly recommends the idea that the bank manager(s) should be able to design and implement strict policies with regards to the use of the banks’ e-recruitment process. In the case of Lloyds TSB, its bank personnel should redesign the banks’ existing e-recruitment practices to be more friendly in the sense that it should allow the bank personnel to get to know each candidate on a personal level. In the case of ICICI, its existing e-recruitment process is not highly dependent over the use of its official website. For this reason, one of the best ways to improve ICICI’s existing e-recruitment is for the bank to offer better online forms. Other study recommendation includes the need to simplify the online testing. Through the use of basic and simple IQ test, maths test, or English, the banks will have lesser risks of screening out individuals with positive work attitude and pleasing attitude and personality needed in serving the bank customers. It is also necessary to keep the actual design of the virtual recruiting environment simple and user-friendly. SPECIMEN ABSTRACT STUDENT NAME Kirandeep KAUR DEGREE MBA International Business DISSERTATION SUPERVISOR Richard Knight DISSERTATION TITLE E-Recruitment in the banking Industry a comparative study in to the UK bank Lloyds TSB and Indian bank ICICI DATE September 3rd 2012 KE YWORDS E-RECRUITMENT CULTURE RECRUITMENT METHODS ABSTRACT E-recruitment is pertaining to the use of information technology in the recruitment processes of each bank. Through the strict implementation of e-recruitment, each bank can speed up and improve the overall quality of the banks’ recruitment services. Banks like Lloyds TSB in UK and ICICI in India spent a lot of money on its e-recruitment platform. Among the common reasons why these two banks invested on e-recruitment is to get hold of the most highly competitive individuals to join the team, speed up, and further improve its existing recruitment services. A primary research study which is composed of a combination of quantitative research survey and research interview was conducted to determine the factors that could significantly influence the e-recruitment practices in both banks. Based on the research findings, the three (3) significant factors that can affect the ability of the banks to maximize the full benefit of its e-recruitment practices includes: the unique recruitment practices in each bank, access to Internet, and the ability of the people to use the computers. To make Lloyds TSB and ICICI be able to maximize its full investment on e-recruitment platform, this study highly recommends the idea that the bank manager(s) should be able to design and implement

Researching a decay (1990's movies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Researching a decay (1990's movies) - Essay Example As pointed out, the popular culture during 1990s was entirely different from the past decade because the unexpected end of Cold War, the collapse of Soviet Union and the collapse of Berlin wall deeply influence the political/cultural scenario of the world. To be specific, the wartime sentiment and nationalistic mood transformed into cultural amalgamation and acceptance. But Chris states that â€Å"The accelerating integration of information and entertainment media meant that movies and television shows had become news themselves† (139). The popular culture reflects the aspirations and feelings of the mass and acts as a safety valve which reflects the cultural characteristics of a society. Within this context, the popular culture during 1990s set itself free from political stance and transformed into multiculturalism. In short, popular culture during 1990s reflected the change in international politics and reflected the same within culture. The most important characteristic of movies during 1990s was hyperrealism. Within this context, the main characteristics of hyperrealism can be broadly classified into three: intervention, identity, and space and time. Hyperrealism in 1990s can be simply defined as the dilemma which leads to virtual real illusion. To be specific, the films in 1990s are interconnected with hyperrealism. Martin opines that â€Å"The use of terms such as ‘simulation’, virtual reality’ and ‘hyperrealism’ in the criticism of news media is often confused and imprecise† (141). The individual (say, the hero) who is able to experience hyperrealism can act the role of a channel between virtual and real worlds. This is the most important characteristic of hyperrealism, which influenced the scenario of cinema in 1990s. The other characteristics of hyperrealism in 1990s include: Within this context, the film The Matrix (1999) is one of the best examples of hyperrealism

Organizational commitment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational commitment - Assignment Example Mangers should build team work through sharing of ideas with employees. Engaging workers in an exchange of ideas is very important for positive feedback (Staw, 2003.p28). This also helps managers to obtain immediate solutions to any problem facing an organization. Since mangers are concerned with setting of company’s target, they should adequately inform their workers about company’s objectives to make them aware of what is expected of them (Doyle, 2003.p.35). Through effective communication, managers will be able to establish lasting relationship with the workers. They will be able to build strong working team which will be monitoring and correcting each other (Liff, 2007, p.67). This will also save the managers time and struggle to handle internal disputes within the organization. Through effective communication, managers should involve their employees in looking for solutions to challenging problems in the organizations. They should provide opportunity for each staff member to contribute their ideas and should value and respect all employees’ opinions (Staw, 2003.p.37). This will otherwise demoralize individuals hence lowering their morale. Furthermore, different people will have different ideas and therefore, managers will have an opportunity to select the best from the employees’ ideas (Doyle, 2003.p.49). The management team should support the working team by creating an enabling environment in relation to their work (Doyle, 2003.p.39). This results to overall productivity of the workers and a feeling of satisfaction in their job. The managers should review the duties and responsibilities of the workers so that they get engaged in demanding activities to inspire their minds (Staw, 2003.p.67). However, before this is implemented, they should ensure that their working terms and conditions are also improved for the workers to feel appreciated. This should also be based on individual skills and

Researching a decay (1990's movies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Researching a decay (1990's movies) - Essay Example As pointed out, the popular culture during 1990s was entirely different from the past decade because the unexpected end of Cold War, the collapse of Soviet Union and the collapse of Berlin wall deeply influence the political/cultural scenario of the world. To be specific, the wartime sentiment and nationalistic mood transformed into cultural amalgamation and acceptance. But Chris states that â€Å"The accelerating integration of information and entertainment media meant that movies and television shows had become news themselves† (139). The popular culture reflects the aspirations and feelings of the mass and acts as a safety valve which reflects the cultural characteristics of a society. Within this context, the popular culture during 1990s set itself free from political stance and transformed into multiculturalism. In short, popular culture during 1990s reflected the change in international politics and reflected the same within culture. The most important characteristic of movies during 1990s was hyperrealism. Within this context, the main characteristics of hyperrealism can be broadly classified into three: intervention, identity, and space and time. Hyperrealism in 1990s can be simply defined as the dilemma which leads to virtual real illusion. To be specific, the films in 1990s are interconnected with hyperrealism. Martin opines that â€Å"The use of terms such as ‘simulation’, virtual reality’ and ‘hyperrealism’ in the criticism of news media is often confused and imprecise† (141). The individual (say, the hero) who is able to experience hyperrealism can act the role of a channel between virtual and real worlds. This is the most important characteristic of hyperrealism, which influenced the scenario of cinema in 1990s. The other characteristics of hyperrealism in 1990s include: Within this context, the film The Matrix (1999) is one of the best examples of hyperrealism

Is Development Best Achieved by Being For, Or Against, Globalization Essay

Is Development Best Achieved by Being For, Or Against, Globalization - Essay Example This essay stresses that globalization is a word that has been coined recently to refer to an age-old process. Indeed, globalization began in the centuries preceding the New World and the European Age of Discovery. Some of the earliest forms of globalization were through trade and cultural interactions. For instance, the Ottoman Empire explored parts of Africa, Europe and Asia while trading silk and spices in the 15th century. However, the magnitude of globalization in these times can best be described by the term minute. Increasing in modern globalization began in the mid-1980s and has risen sharply in the subsequent decades. This sharp rise is attributed to the modern forms of communication such as the internet and the emergence of mobile phones. This paper makes a conclusion that development is best achieved by being against globalization. As illustrated above, the effects of globalization benefit few countries while causing disadvantages to many. The modern-day phenomenon has failed to eradicate poverty and improve on the lives of those in developing countries. Instead, it has resulted in high unemployment rates and degradation of the standards of living. For example, globalization has forced the shutdown of many startup companies based in developing countries due to their inability to match the expertise and capital of the developed world. Secondly, globalization has resulted in inequality between the developed and developing countries. This compounded with the debt crisis hinders development for the underdeveloped countries.

Twilight is not literary genius Essay Example for Free

Twilight is not literary genius Essay What defines a â€Å"bad book†? Most people can identify what they liked about a book: the characters were believable or the writing was beautiful or the plot was striking, etc†¦; however, when asking someone what they did not like about a â€Å"bad book†, they can scarcely put their finger on it. Presented in this essay is a definition for a â€Å"good book† upon which three books (The DaVinci Code by Dan Brown, I Am Legend by Richard Matheson and Twilight by Stephenie Meyer) will be examined and determined as â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad†. A good book can be defined with the use of three basic concepts: plot, prose and character development. The plot is essential. If the plot of a novel is lacking, almost assuredly all other points will follow. Prose, the wording and grammar of the novel, is the first contact the reader has with your novel. If the prose is bad, the likelihood that someone will want to read the book (or be able to read the book) decreases. Character development may be the single most important aspect of a novel. The characters and their decisions are what ultimately drive a story. If a character is dull, unlikeable and or even not relatable, the book will most assuredly be bad. These are not the only methods to judge a book, but they are usually the aspects a reader will be looking at first and foremost. The DaVinci Code by Dan Brown is one of the highest selling books in the 21st Century. It has been translated into numerous languages and has had a film adaptation; however, it is also ridiculed by many as being a bad book. The book, being a mystery, is packed full of action. There are clues to be solved, puzzles to solve and a whole society full of mysteries to crack. The plot is interesting and Brown puts in a number of twists that keep the reader guessing and reading; although, there have been a number of critics on Brown’s bestseller being historically and scientifically inaccurate. The prose used in The DaVinci Code is so lacking that it is almost comical. Brown, despite being a bestselling author, does not seem to grasp grammar or fluidity sentence structure. The first page in the novel demonstrates this: A voice spoke, chillingly close. â€Å"Do not move. † On his hands and knees, the curator froze, turning his head slowly. Only fifteen feet away, outside the sealed gate, the mountainous silhouette of his attacker stared through the iron bars. He was broad and tall, with ghost-pale skin and thinning white hair. His irises were pink with dark red pupils (Brown, 2). â€Å"Chillingly close† denotes that the speaker is close directly behind or whispering into ones ear. Only a few sentences down, Brown reveals that his version of â€Å"chillingly close† is fifteen feet away. Also, when one is frozen they do not turn their head. If the curator was truly frozen, his head would not be turning. Also, it is impossible to see the skin, hair and eye color of a silhouette – a silhouette is a black figure with no apparent qualities, it is a black shadow. The character development in The DaVinci Code is also lacking. The main characters, Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveau are likeable enough. We learn some of their background and history, but other than that they remain mysteries. The villains in this story are all one-dimensional. They are all connected to the Catholic Church or some sort of secret society and none have anything other than tainted motives at best. Most of the other characters were written stereotypically: the British lord turned evil, the evil Albino, etc†¦ The DaVinci Code, although a suspenseful page-turner, was a poorly written book. The plot was full of twists and turns that kept the readers’ attention, but was full of inaccuracies. The prose was dreadful at best. The character development was nearly non-existent, relying on stereotyping rather than explanation. I Am Legend by Richard Matheson is a post-apocalyptic novel in which the entire human race, with the exception of one man (Robert Neville), has turned into a vampire. He spends his days staking vampires and his nights barricaded in his house waiting for the sun to rise. This book has inspired more than one movie adaptation. The action scenes are remarkable in the way they are described. The simple clarity of what is going on while the vampires are banging on the walls and defenses of Neville’s house at the beginning of the book sets the tone for the rest: â€Å"He sat in the living room, trying to read. He’d made himself a whiskey and soda at his small bar and he held the cold glass as he read a physiology text. From the speaker from over the hallway door, the music from Schoenberg was playing loudly† (Matheson, 12). The plot of this book seems simple at first: Neville is the last man on Earth who is not infected and he kills the beings that are. This book is character-driven rather than plot-driven. The prose of this novel has a flowing simplicity to it. Matheson does not need to use flowery wording or beautiful metaphors. â€Å"The sky was darkening and it was getting chilly. He looked up and down Cimmaron Street, the cool breeze ruffling his blonde hair. That’s what was wrong with these cloudy days; you never knew when they were coming† (Matheson, 12). His manner of writing brings a depth to the story and helps sets the tone of the post-apocalyptic world. He doesn’t need to compare the sky to anything or the breeze. He writes the way the main character’s world would seem: simple and dark. Neville eats, sleeps, hides and kills vampires. The character development for I Am Legend is remarkable. In the beginning, the reader sympathizes with Neville. What would it be like to be in a world by yourself? Fighting to survive every moment? As the book continues, the reader watches as Neville slowly becomes different, turning into a monster himself. I Am Legend is a good book. The action is detailed, the prose is simplistic but useful, the plot is character-driven and the character development for the main character is enthralling. I Am Legend is anything but a bad book. It seems as though vampires always make a comeback. They were present in I Am Legend, written in 1954, and they appear again in the recent phenomenon of the Twilight Saga by Stephenie Meyer. Twilight is the first of a four book saga about a family of â€Å"vegetarian† vampires (vampires who feed only on animals rather than humans) and the human girl that a member of the family falls in love with. The plot for Twilight is filled with cliches: the basic Romeo and Juliet love story, a forbidden love. The idea of a vampire who does not feed on human beings – Anne Rice, for instance, had a similar idea. A misfit high school teenage girl with a strange ability (brain-dead-ness? ) happens more times than not. Most people love a good love story, which is essentially what Twilight thrives for, the love between the hero (Edward Cullen) and the heroine (Bella Swan). The prose used in Twilight is not literary genius by any means. There are numerous repeated adjectives, descriptions of Edward that are also repetitive for example: â€Å"His skin, white despite the faint flush from yesterday’s hunting trip, literally sparkled, like thousands of tiny diamonds were embedded in the surface† (Meyer, 260). There are numerous times in the novel when Edward’s skin is described as diamond-like the way it shines. It is written simplistically, but as it is a teenage, love-struck girl who is narrating it, perhaps too flowery of words would seem out of character and strange. The character development in Twilight is limited. This could be because the story is written from a first-person perspective, limiting the reader to know only what Bella knows. Bella, as a character, is well-defined. She isn’t comfortable in her own skin, she is clumsy and smart. Edward, however, seems to have more mood swings than a teenager, despite his age of well over a century old. In fact, he sums his whole personality up in one sentence: â€Å"How easily frustrated I am† (Meyer, 265). The high school teenagers Bella is friends with are stereotypical at best; Charlie Swan is exactly what you would expect from a small-town sheriff, there is very little learned about the Cullen Family (although that does come later in the series) and the villains James, Laurent and Victoria are one-dimensional. They seem to be after one thing and one thing only: blood. Twilight has a predictable plot, limiting and repetitive prose and inadequate character development in her full cast of characters. By the definitions set out by this essay, Twilight by Stephenie Meyer is a poorly written, bad book. In conclusion, out of the three books examined in this essay: The DaVinci Code by Dan Brown, I Am Legend by Richard Matheson and Twilight by Stephenie Meyer, the only book that can truly be identified as a good book is Matheson’s I Am Legend; however, all three books have been phenomenon’s, selling millions world-wide in a multitude of languages and all have had silver screen adaptations. Despite what who says these books are good or bad, the general public are frantic about them regardless. Works Cited Brown, Dan. The DaVinci Code. New York: Random House, 2003. Matheson, Richard. I Am Legend. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 1997. Meyer, Stephenie. Twilight. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005.

Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) Management

Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) Management The model applied to the recommendations for GSL is the GSCF framework. The Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) developed a definition of supply chain management (Cooper, M et al 1997). The GSCF defines supply chain management as the integration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders (Lambert, D. et al 1998:1). This model was chosen to be a framework for the recommendations as it encompasses all areas of the organisations, valuing input from the stake holders. It will focus the organisation on key issues, and highlight areas that either not operating to full potential or that are wasting resources. Customer relationship management will provide a structure for maintaining and developing with customers at GSL. The introduction of cross-functional customer teams will tailor product and service agreements to meet the needs of customers This will include free site survey to reduce incorrect data, and therefore save time and money. The take up of the survey when charged is small; this has led to problems in production of the unit. Introducing free surveys will be cost effective (Croxton, K. et al. 2001). GSL will appoint a Customer Service Manager (recruited internally or externally) to provide a single point of contact for the customer throughout the whole process. This manager will be responsible for administering the product service agreements during their term. This is fundamental to the success of the recommendations, a point of contact for the customer whether an initial inquiry or some query further down the process. The role will successfully smooth out any concerns that the customer has (Bolumole,Y et al 2003). Demand management will provide a structure for balancing the customers requirements with the supply chain capabilities. This area will look at the conical tanks and assess whether they are cost effective. Instead of sub contracting an introduction fee could be charged to the manufacturer of them, and allow them full control over the sale of the unit. This will reduce demand variability and increase the supply chain flexibility. Review of all tanks is necessary to concentrate efforts on offering only standardised units, reducing the cost of moulds (Croxton, K. et al. 2003). Order fulfilment will review all the activities that are necessary to define customer requirements. When there is a full order bank the introduction of overtime will speed up delivery and enable the firm to meet customer requirements while reducing the total delivered cost. Although the overtime will increase costs, more units can be produced. It could be more cost effective to review the shifts patterns of the production employees, to cover longer hours of manufacture When the drying out procedure commences this could be when those operators have finished their shift (Croxton, K. et al 2003). Manufacturing flow management will review all activities necessary to obtain, implement and manage manufacturing flexibility and move products through the plants in the supply chain The manual lifting of tanks can be replaced by a fork lift operator, who can also pick the raw products necessary for production. This also will prevent operators being pulled of production to move tanks (Goldsby, T et al 2003). Supplier relationship management will provide the structure for relationships with suppliers, and then allow the developing and maintaining of them. Reviewing all suppliers and identifying weak links, that can be either improved or replaced will ensure the best service from suppliers (Croxton et al. 2001). Reviewing and developing multiple uses for the product has already been demonstrated by GSL. This product development and commercialisation will provide a structure for further developing of the product. This will bring in new markets and products. These products will be designed so they o not interfere with production of the core product. Whilst time is elapse in drying the machinery will be utilised, on either making stock items or a complimentary product (Rogers, D. et al 2004). The most important area is returns management; this includes activities related to returns, reverse logistics, gate keeping, and avoidance. The follow up calls and the level of maintenance with all sold units is vital to increase the company’s reputation. This area can be covered by customer service, just ensuring that the customer is happy with the product (Rogers et al. 2002). The strength of GSL has been its entry into a niche market and the product development. These strengths must be developed and concentrated on for the long term survival of the organisation. The strict limitations on finance will prevent growth, therefore a full review of finances with qualified practitioner will advise the company. This is the only way that any of the recommendations can be implemented. Customer relationship management and supplier relationship management form the critical links in the supply chain, with the other areas coordinated through them. Each of the processes are cross functional and cross firm. Each is broken down into a sequence of strategic sub processes, where the blueprint for managing the process is defined, and a sequence of operational sub-processes, where the process is actualised Every sub-process is described by a set of activities. Cross-functional teams are used to define the structure for managing the process at the strategic level and implementation at the operational level. Bibliography Bolumole, Y. et al (2003), The Customer Service Management Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 15-31. Cooper, M. et al (1997), Supply Chain Management: More than a New Name for Logistics, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-14. Croxton, K.. et al (2001), The Supply Chain Management Processes, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 13-36. Croxton, K. (2003), The Order Fulfilment Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 19-33. Goldsby, T. et al (2003), The Manufacturing Flow Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 33-52. Lambert, D. et al (1998), Supply Chain Management: Implementation Issues and Research Opportunities, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1-19. Rogers, D. et al (2002), The Returns Management Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 1-18. Rogers, D. et al (2004), The Product Development and Commercialisation Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 43-56.

Compare and Contrast the Poetry of James Berry and John Betjeman, with

Compare and Contrast the Poetry of James Berry and John Betjeman, with particular reference to the Cultural Differences. Refer to at Least two Poems by each Poet James Berry's poems are written from the perspective of a lady named Lucy. Lucy moved to England because she had heard the streets were practically paved with gold there. She writes letters to her friend Leela in the form of poems. Lucy regrets her move to England in a lot of ways and finds it gloomy and cold. She misses Jamaica and doesn't really like London but she is too proud to admit that, so her letters also contain a number of positive yet vain sounding points about the advantages of living in England, such as, "An' doctors free." Lucy writes of how she has, "turned a battery hen," in the poem 'Lucy's Letters' because she feels trapped in London. She was used to a relaxed and friendly way of life in Jamaica so the culture in London came as a big shock to her. London is a lot bigger and much less friendly than Jamaica. In Jamaica everyone knows each other so Leela asked Lucy in a letter to her if she'd ever met the Queen. Lucy is used to the unspoilt beauty of the Jamaican scenery so London comes as a big change. She describes it to Leela as: "A parish Of a pasture-lan what Grown crisscross streets." In Jamaica Lucy could leave her door unlocked but write of how she can't do that in London: "I carry keys everywhere Life here's no open summer." She sees the lifestyle as monotonous because every day seems the same. She feels in some ways that she doesn't really belong in London. In the poem 'From Lucy: Englan' Lady' she describes the Queen as being, "Like she a space touris'," because she is somewhat alienated from the res... ...tional. Berry, however, uses Creole phrases and grammar in his poetry. In the poem 'Lucy's Letter,' Berry uses the phrase, " I long for we labrish bad," meaning Lucy longs to gossip without restraint. Berry uses figures of speech in his poetry unlike Betjeman. For instance, in the poem 'Lucy's Letter', Berry uses the metaphor, "I really a sponge" and in 'From Lucy: Englan' Lady,' he uses similes such as, " Like a seagull flyin' slow slow." Berry and Betjeman have very different writing styles, partly because of the influences of their very different cultures. Berry's easy going Jamaican upbringing is reflected in his poetry through his use of Creole and the structure of his poetry. Betjeman reflects his English upbringing through his regular, ordered stanzas. Although they are very different they both work very well and make for very enjoyable reading.

Part Seven Chapter 1

Relief of Poverty †¦ 13.5 Gifts to benefit the poor †¦ are charitable, and a gift for the poor is charitable even if it happens incidentally to benefit the rich †¦ Charles Arnold-Baker Local Council Administration, Seventh Edition Nearly three weeks after the sirens had wailed through sleepy Pagford, on a sunny morning in April, Shirley Mollison stood alone in her bedroom, squinting at her reflection in the mirrored wardrobe. She was making final adjustments to her dress before her now-daily drive to South West General. The belt buckle slid up a hole tighter than it had done a fortnight ago, her silver hair was in need of a trim and her grimace against the sunshine blazing into the room could have been a simple expression of her mood. When Miles accompanied her to the hospital, she could let him do all the talking to Howard, which he did, keeping up a steady monologue of Pagford news. She felt so much better – both more visible and more protected – with tall Miles walking beside her down the chilly corridors. He chatted genially to the nurses, and handed her in and out of the car, and restored to her the sense of being a rare creature, worthy of care and protection. But Miles could not come every day, and to Shirley's profound irritation he kept deputizing Samantha to accompany her. This was not the same thing at all, even though Samantha was one of the few who managed to bring a smile to Howard's purple vacant face. Nobody seemed to realize how dreadful the silence was at home either. When the doctors had told the family that recuperation would take months, Shirley had hoped that Miles would ask her to move into the spare room of the big house in Church Row, or that he might stay over, from time to time, in the bungalow. But no: she had been left alone, quite alone, except for a painful three-day period when she had played hostess to Pat and Melly. I'd never have done it, she reassured herself, automatically, in the silent night, when she could not sleep. I never really meant to. I was just upset. I'd never have done it. She had buried Andrew's EpiPen in the soft earth beneath the bird table in the garden, like a tiny corpse. She did not like knowing it was there. Some dark evening soon, the night before refuse-collection day, she would dig it up again and slip it into a neighbour's bin. Howard had not mentioned the needle to her or to anyone. He had not asked her why she had run away when she saw him. Shirley found relief in long rattling streams of invective, directed at the people who had, in her stated opinion, caused the catastrophe that had fallen on her family. Parminder Jawanda was the first of these, naturally, for her callous refusal to attend Howard. Then there were the two teenagers who, through their vile irresponsibility, had diverted the ambulance that might have reached Howard sooner. The latter argument was perhaps a little weak, but it was the enjoyable fashion to denigrate Stuart Wall and Krystal Weedon, and Shirley found plenty of willing listeners in her immediate circle. What was more, it had transpired that the Wall boy had been the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother all along. He had confessed to his parents, and they had personally telephoned the victims of the boy's spite to apologize. The Ghost's identity had leaked swiftly into the wider community, and this, coupled with the knowledge that he had been jointly responsible for the drowning of a three-year-old child, made abuse of Stuart both a duty and a pleasure. Shirley was more vehement in her comments than anybody. There was a savagery in her denunciations, each of them a little exorcism of the kinship and admiration she had felt for the Ghost, and a repudiation of that awful last post which nobody else, as yet, had admitted to seeing. The Walls had not telephoned Shirley to apologize, but she was constantly primed, in case the boy should mention it to his parents, or in case anybody should bring it up, to deliver a final crushing blow to Stuart's reputation. ‘Oh yes, Howard and I know all about it,' she planned to say, with icy dignity, ‘and it's my belief that the shock caused his heart attack.' She had actually practised saying this aloud in the kitchen. The question of whether Stuart Wall had really known something about her husband and Maureen was less urgent now, because Howard was patently incapable of shaming her in that way again, and perhaps never would be, and nobody seemed to be gossiping. And if the silence she offered Howard, when she was unavoidably alone with him, was tinged with a sense of grievance on both sides, she was able to face the prospect of his protracted incapacitation and absence from the house with more equanimity than she might have thought possible three weeks previously. The doorbell rang and Shirley hurried to open it. Maureen was there, hobbling on ill-advised high heels, garish in bright aquamarine. ‘Hello, dear, come in,' said Shirley. ‘I'll get my bag.' ‘They're saying people got up a collection,' said Maureen, brimful of gossip that Shirley had somehow missed, in her endless back and forward trips to the hospital. ‘Don't ask me who. Anyway, I wouldn't have thought the family would want it right by the river, would you?' (The dirty and foul-mouthed little boy, of whose existence few had been aware, and of whom nobody but his mother and sister had been especially fond, had undergone such a transformation in Pagford's collective mind by his drowning, that he was spoken of everywhere as a water baby, a cherub, a pure and gentle angel whom all would have embraced with love and compassion, if only they could have saved him. But the needle and the flame had had no transformative effect upon Krystal's reputation; on the contrary, they had fixed her permanently in the mind of Old Pagford as a soulless creature whose pursuit of what the elderly liked to call kicks had led to the death of an innocent child.) Shirley was pulling on her coat. ‘You realize, I actually saw them that day?' she said, her cheeks turning pink. ‘The boy bawling by one clump of bushes, and Krystal Weedon and Stuart Wall in another – ‘ ‘Did you? And were they really †¦?' asked Maureen avidly. ‘Oh yes,' said Shirley. ‘Broad daylight. Open air. And the boy was right by the river when I saw him. A couple of steps and he'd have been in.' Something in Maureen's expression stung her. ‘I was hurrying,' said Shirley with asperity, ‘because Howard had said he was feeling poorly and I was worried sick. I didn't want to go out at all, but Miles and Samantha had sent Lexie over – I think, if you want my honest opinion, they'd had a row – and then Lexie wanted to visit the cafe – I was absolutely distracted, and all I could think was, I must get back to Howard †¦ I didn't actually realize what I'd seen until much later †¦ and the dreadful thing,' said Shirley, her colour higher than ever, and returning again to her favourite refrain, ‘is that if Krystal Weedon hadn't let that child wander off while she was having her fun in the bushes, the ambulance would have reached Howard so much more quickly. Because, you know, with two of them coming †¦ things got confu – ‘ ‘That's right,' said Maureen, interrupting as they moved out towards the car, because she had heard all this before. ‘You know, I can't think why they're having the service here in Pagford †¦' She longed to suggest that they drive past the church on the way to the hospital – she had a craving to see what the Weedon family looked like en masse, and to glimpse, perhaps, that degenerate junkie mother – but could think of no way to frame the request. ‘You know, there's one comfort, Shirley,' she said, as they set off for the bypass. ‘The Fields are as good as gone. That must be a comfort to Howard. Even if he can't attend council for a while, he got that done.' Andrew Price was speeding down the steep hill from Hilltop House, with the sun hot on his back and the wind in his hair. His week-old shiner had turned yellow and green, and looked, if possible, even worse than it had when he had turned up at school with his eye almost closed. Andrew had told the teachers who enquired that he had fallen off his bike. It was now the Easter holidays, and Gaia had texted Andrew the previous evening to ask whether he would be going to Krystal's funeral the next day. He had sent an immediate ‘yes', and was now dressed, after much deliberation, in his cleanest jeans and a dark grey shirt, because he did not own a suit. He was not very clear why Gaia was going to the funeral, unless it was to be with Sukhvinder Jawanda, to whom she seemed to cling more fondly than ever, now that she was moving back to London with her mother. ‘Mum says she should never have come to Pagford,' Gaia had told Andrew and Sukhvinder happily, as the three of them sat on the low wall beside the newsagent's at lunchtime. ‘She knows Gavin's a total twat.' She had given Andrew her mobile number and told him that they would go out together when she came to Reading to see her father, and even mentioned, casually, taking him to see some of her favourite places in London, if he visited. She was showering benefits around her in the manner of a demob-happy soldier, and these promises, made so lightly, gilded the prospect of Andrew's own move. He had greeted the news that his parents had had an offer on Hilltop House with at least as much excitement as pain. The sweeping turn into Church Row, usually made with an uplift of spirits, dampened them. He could see people moving around in the graveyard, and he wondered what this funeral was going to be like, and for the first time that morning thought of Krystal Weedon in more than the abstract. A memory, long buried in the deepest recesses of his mind, came back to him, of that time in the playground at St Thomas's, when Fats, in a spirit of disinterested investigation, had handed him a peanut hidden inside a marshmallow †¦ he could still feel his burning throat closing inexorably. He remembered trying to yell, and his knees giving way, and the children all around him, watching with a strange, bloodless interest, and then Krystal Weedon's raucous scream. ‘Andiprice iz ‘avin' a ‘lurgycacshun!' She had run, on her stocky little legs, all the way to the staff room, and the headmaster had snatched Andrew up and sprinted with him to the nearby surgery, where Dr Crawford had administered adrenalin. She was the only one who had remembered the talk that their teacher had given the class, explaining Andrew's life-threatening condition; the only one to recognize his symptoms. Krystal ought to have been given a gold merit star, and perhaps a certificate at assembly as Pupil of the Week, but the very next day (Andrew remembered it as clearly as his own collapse) she had hit Lexie Mollison so hard in the mouth that she had knocked out two of Lexie's teeth. He wheeled Simon's bike carefully into the Walls' garage, then rang the doorbell with a reluctance that had never been there before. Tessa Wall answered, dressed in her best grey coat. Andrew was annoyed with her; it was down to her that he had a black eye. ‘Come in, Andy,' said Tessa, and her expression was tense. ‘We'll just be a minute.' He waited in the hallway, where the coloured glass over the door cast its paintboxy glow on the floorboards. Tessa marched into the kitchen, and Andrew glimpsed Fats in his black suit, crumpled up in a kitchen chair like a crushed spider, with one arm over his head, as if he were fending off blows. Andrew turned his back. The two boys had had no communication since Andrew had led Tessa to the Cubby Hole. Fats had not been to school for a fortnight. Andrew had sent a couple of texts, but Fats had not replied. His Facebook page remained frozen as it had been on the day of Howard Mollison's party. A week ago, without warning, Tessa had telephoned the Prices, told them that Fats had admitted to having posted the messages under the name The_Ghost_of_Barry_Fairbrother, and offered her deepest apologies for the consequences they had suffered. ‘So how did he know I had that computer?' Simon had roared, advancing on Andrew. ‘How did fucking Fats Wall know I did jobs after-hours at the printworks?' Andrew's only consolation was that if his father had known the truth, he might have ignored Ruth's protests and continued to pummel Andrew until he was unconscious. Why Fats had decided to pretend he had authored all the posts, Andrew did not know. Perhaps it was Fats' ego at work, his determination to be the mastermind, the most destructive, the baddest of them all. Perhaps he had thought he was doing something noble, taking the fall for both of them. Either way, Fats had caused much more trouble than he knew; he had never realized, thought Andrew, waiting in the hall, what it was like to live with a father like Simon Price, safe in his attic room, with his reasonable, civilized parents. Andrew could hear the adult Walls talking in quiet voices; they had not closed the kitchen door. ‘We need to leave now,' Tessa was saying. ‘He's got a moral obligation and he's going.' ‘He's had enough punishment,' said Cubby's voice. ‘I'm not asking him to go as a – ‘ ‘Aren't you?' said Cubby sharply. ‘For God's sake, Tessa. D'you think they'll want him there? You go. Stu can stay here with me.' A minute later Tessa emerged from the kitchen, closing the door firmly behind her. ‘Stu isn't coming, Andy,' she said, and he could tell that she was furious about it. ‘I'm sorry about that.'

Gender and Technology Essay

This essay will take a look into an article called, â€Å"Caring About Connections: Gender and Computing† written by Jane Margolis, Allan Fisher and Faye Miller. In their article they take a look at differences in women and males with their uses and influence in technology, and women’s efforts to pursue an education in computer science and technology. This paper will be able to sum up their main ideas, critically analyze their beliefs, and take a particular look at women pursing fields of study in the technological workplace and technological studies. Gender Definition The definition of gender is not a very easy word to define. There are many meanings and terms that can be characterized under both males and females and mixed genders. However according to dictionary. com gender is the following: â€Å"(in many languages) a set  of classes that together include all nouns, membership in a particular class being shown by the form of the noun  itself or by the form or choice of words that modify, replace, or otherwise refer to the noun, as, in English, the choice of he   to replace the man,   of she   to replace the woman,   of it   to replace the table,   of it   or she   to replace the ship. The number of genders in different languages varies from 2 to more than 20; often the classification correlates in part with sex or animateness. The most familiar sets of genders are of three classes (as masculine, feminine, and neuter in Latin and German) or of two (as common and neuter in Dutch, or masculine and feminine in French and Spanish). â€Å" (Dictionary. com 2012) This definition of gender is what said to best fit the word however I believe that this is not the only way to describe a gender. Gender in my opinion the biological make up and the combination of actions and norms an individual follows and goes through. The biological make up of an individual is not the only way to depict what gender they are associated with but the actions and ideas they follow can also influence them. People are able to choose which gender they are associated with even if they pursue a gender different from their biological make up. Definition of Technology Technology is similar to gender where there truly isn’t one single definition behind the word. This term is also relatively new and has was not heavily used until World War one and two and after these event, the term began to be used as much as the word science. (Lecture18, March 27th). Science and technology are often closely related to one another because technology relies on science and the more science that is understood, the more technology can be created and change. With this is mind, innovation is key to defining technology and how to describe what technology is. In one our lectures, Kevin Kelly described technology as, â€Å"Anything that is invented after we are born. † With this in mind, a definition of technology can be described as any new innovation created that may help or hurt society as a whole. Authors’ Main Ideas The Authors of this article take a look into many different angles in the field of computer science. The ideas of the authors vary from some being where these individuals first got their first interest into this study. The authors also discuss the world around computer science and the individuals that are apart of this select group. Finally the authors also touch on the overall fact that the computer science is a field of study that is heavily associated with male users and students. Students who want to pursue this field of study often have different reasons and answers as the first enthusiastic moment in the study. The different reasons also relate to the basis of their gender. For many women in this study, there reasons to enter this field of study were to use the knowledge and information from studying to work with another field of study, such as education or science. Men on the other hand had different explanations or reasons for entering the field of computer science. Many men that were interviewed brought up a time in which they first remembered a time in which computers interested them or discussed items that are used for technology. Margolis, Fisher and Miller, also discuss a finding from a studying done by a researcher named Brunner. In his study, he found â€Å"The feminine take on technology looks right through the machine to its social function, while the masculine view is more likely to be focused on the machine itself. As a result, when technology is introduced as an end in itself, as in a programming class, for instance, young women are less likely to be interested than young men. (Brunner, 1997). This study done by Brunner helps show partial reason why men are more likely to show a strong interest n technological studies and pursue degrees in these fields. Because of this gender barrier that women are going to have to overcome in these fields it does show that many women do face a harder time in this field because of a view they are more likely to see rather then males. Many individuals that pursue the study of technology often associate themselves as different from the average group of people. Many men that pursue this field often believe they are truly the right individual and they often see women in the field as weaker or as someone that may struggle. According to Margolis, Fisher and Miller, in regard to the selective image and individuals that are perceived in the technological fields. â€Å"The pervasive image of the computer science student has a more deleterious affect on women students† (Margolis, Fisher and Miller 1998). Women are more affected by the â€Å"image† that select individuals are able to be apart of this industry. However not only are the classroom settings and social impact of other members impacting women. The media, Internet, and many other factors also impact women and the opportunities to pursue technology. These factors include the media depicting men as experts in technology, societal expectations of different goals for boys and girls, the structure of learning tasks, the nature of feedback in performance situations, and the organization of classroom seating† (Hale Pg 1). The social implications that women face show that they struggle when they are trying to join the field of technolog y. Finally, the field of technology is a field in which males already heavily dominate the workforce amount often turning women away from pursuing jobs and technological influence in the field. In their essay, Margolis, Fisher and Miller discuss the curriculum of computer science and its basic functions. Many classes in technological studies involve mathematics and scientific studies. Overall many of these classes have shown on average the men usually score high grades in these classes as these classes. Many women seem to steer away from classes like these because of the heavy presence of males, and the pressure of males in the classroom setting. Another item that many individuals that are apart of this industry are often characterized as nerds or geeks. According to the New York Times, â€Å"†¦another explanation for the drop in interest, which is linked to the pejorative figure of the â€Å"nerd† or â€Å"geek. † She said that this school of thought was: â€Å"Girls and young women don’t want to be that person. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Spertus, 2008). Many individuals, but particularly men and women want to avoid being called a geek or nerd and because of these names associated with many people in this industry, many women avoid these studies. Critical Analysis Overall Margolis, Fisher and Miller have shown many areas in which women and men have differences in the studies of computer Science field. The reasons for many of these individuals were different depending on their genders, which is often the case for many jobs and areas of studying. Many fields of studies do relate to individuals with certain preferences and the way many are set up in structure can benefit one gender over another gender. This is a fair argument because there are certain curriculums that do tend to have classes that are easier and a slight advantage to different genders. Secondly, the fact that many women are steered away because of the intimidation of not having the â€Å"image† of a computer science individual is also true. People in general want to fit in with a group of people that they are going to be studying their major in. Because of the large decrease of women entering the field of computer science and technological studies, many women are beginning to feel isolated from others and intimidated by the class structure. Finally, the heavy dominating field of men and the often-characterized nicknames of geeks and nerds also turns many women away from these studies. The increasing number of men studying in this field turns away many women from entering the field through intimidation and the infamous nickname of â€Å"geeks† and â€Å"nerds†. These names often associated with people in technological studies can steer individuals that want to learn more about the technological field into a different area of study to prevent harassing. However, though Margolis, Fisher and Miller did bring up many excellent points about gender inequality and differences in the fields of technology, these authors did fail to bring into that fact the usage of ICTs varying amongst genders. Though many women do not pursue degrees or jobs in technological fields, they are still heavily active in their use. Women in general are the largest users of cell phones, and among races, African American Women are the largest users of the Internet. However men do dominate women in some categories of ICT usage. Males are most notably the users of online gaming, however among races, African American men are least likely to use any form of technology. These differences are important to acknowledge with gender differences in technology. Men and women do both have different usages of ICTs and races do play a small role in the measurement of ICTs. With this in mind, though there are gender differences that exist in the fields of technology and ICT usage, each gender does have an area in which they do have the dominant share of usage. Conclusion In the world we live in, technology is constantly growing and adopting. New innovations are causing changes in simple items and transforming items we would have never thought to have. Genders are playing roles in the usage of technology. Though genders may face barriers or issues that can cause them to struggle, each gender does control heavy usage in certain ICTs. Margolis, Fisher and Miller passage has helped show the decline in women in the field of technological studies, particularly in computer science. Many women meet much conflict from the curriculum, to the intimidation factor of a primarily men filled class setting, to the often associate selective group of people in this field. Though these problems are common, many women do continue to pursue in these fields. As a result, men and women both face gender conflicts with technology, and certain technologies are more associated with genders. Overall, men and women still benefit from technology and the growing rate of technology in the world will lead to new items and new change.